Folding: Generally the first thing a binder has to do with a book. . . . A folding-stick is held in teh right hand the sheet is brought over from right to left. . . .

Collater: One who examines the sheets by the signatures after the volume has been folded, to ascertain if they be in correct sequence.

Backing: The process of gradual hammering the back of the sheets for the purpose of securing the rounding of the back, and at the same time to form the grooves . . . for the boards to rest in.

Lining-up: Gluing the back to receive the necessary paper, linen, or soft leather before the final cover goes on.

Cutter-out: The person who cuts covers for books from skins of leather. A responsible position, requiring a good knowledge of leather and a quick eye to detect flaws and shades of colour.

Coverer: One who prepares the book, and covers same in clother, material, or leather.

Headbander: The person who works the fine silk or cotton ornament at the head of tail of the book as a finish to the edge.

Finisher: The workman who receives the volumes aftre they are covered in leather, and decorates same with ornaments and lettering.